Category:

Energy & Sustainability

World Environment Day 2026

by wakinyi June 5, 2026

written by wakinyi

Happy World Environment Day 2026. This year’s commemoration, like those that have come before – is about the call to action, because it’s now or never.

As a scientist who spent a significant number of years studying the science of weather before shifting gears while remaining within related borders, it would be assumed that I would have a better grasp of what’s going on in as far as climate change is concerned. The truth of the matter, however, is that even the most experienced scientists struggle to get it right today. And technology advancements or computer-aided tools do not make it any easier. The forecasts do not always hold – and when they do, they still fail to pick the extreme scenarios for which the crisis is far dire.

Over the years, I have come to the realisation that whereas decision makers and actioners (which is essentially all of us) know a little or a lot about what needs to be done, in practise we barely live what we preach or recommend. Unfortunately, we are more concerned about living today than dwelling in the horizon future we know nothing about. Talks about pursuing a below 1.5-degree celsius average global warming rate will continue while we continue to register unprecedented temperature spikes. More conference of parties will be convened, and more climate finances will be poured towards adaptation and mitigation. More locally led climate actions will be initiated. But we still be left in a limbo situation.

Is it all a lost affair? Not at all. There is always hope for those who believe in it and go for it, right?

For this year’s WED, I want to highlight one such story of hope. In the quiet hills or rocky areas of Western Kenya region live communities that are taking measures one step at a time. We all know the adage about cut one tree and plant two, and the continuous mission that has been afforestation measures. So, I will not try to re-emphasise that. I was however recently touched by how instrumental these actions truly are – when communities internalize and do the right thing to restore their own environment, one tree at a time. For a dry place that barely received rainfall decades ago at a time when the capital city was praised as the green city under the sun and everyone wished to make that maiden move to experience the glow, cool and greenness of Nairobi, things seemed to have changed drastically. Visiting this rural area today would now feel like your Nairobi of the past – weatherwise. The rains have become a bit more frequent, you can smell, see and feel the green atmosphere, as trees quickly reshape the local climate. The roads may be muddy and barely passable when it rains cats and dogs, but that is a small trade-off compared to the flooded and messy roads within the city environs orchestrated by either poor infrastructural development, concretization and skyscrapers everywhere in the name of modernization without regard to proper storm and sewerage water drainage systems, or urbanites simply clogging drainages through poor waste disposal without thinking about the long term consequences. As I look at this small village where hope now beckons, I am convinced that small actions in response to climate change make a whole lot of difference. But we must be honest with ourselves – as leaders, as industrial shapers, as communities, you name it. We can either make it better or worse.

Until the next post, Happy WED 2026 as you act now for climate.

June 5, 2026 0 comment

World Environment Day 2025

by wakinyi June 6, 2025

written by wakinyi

Towards the end of last year, I decided to take on a new challenge into 2025 – organic farming based on own homemade manure. I was curious to experience first-hand what it’s like to compost kitchen waste from scratch blending knowledge acquired through online resources while fusing in own ideas as well based on locally available materials.

It has now been 6-months since this new challenge began. And I wish to share my journey while answering a few questions which could hopefully inspire somebody else in one way or the other – because both good and bad learnings are an important part of life. To start off, one of my biggest take-aways through this experiential journey is that things don’t always go as per what you have read or learnt in theory. So be prepared to fail and rise back up or change course when practical kicks in.

I did not visually document my journey as such, so this post will attempt to use the power of memory expressed in words to share the findings. However, in case you wish to read more or watch educative videos on how to produce organic manure or liquid fertilizer at home, rest assured that there are plenty of videos on Youtube and articles online regarding the subject. In short, knowledge is readily available for consumption!

Setting up of the composting unit and required materials

To set up the unit, you require two buckets (inner chamber – a bucket with perforations at the bottom and outer chamber – which is essentially the liquid fertilizer collector); feedstock, water; and depending on the type of decomposing method you prefer – aerobic or anaerobic, you may need a catalyst (e.g. natural yogurt or molasses for the bacteria or if you like enzymes); the top bucket cover if you opt to go for anaerobic fermentation which means no air should make into your composter.

In my case I used an old 20-litre bucket – it was broken and therefore already had a hole at the bottom. I inserted this into a non-perforated a slightly smaller bucket which served as the liquid fertilizer collecting tank. If you prefer, you can have both buckets pre-crafted or buy a ready-made unit from a local agro-supplies dealer. But it is easier to do it yourself to ensure there is as much re-use of materials readily available in your home, including broken things that you would otherwise dispose. For the feedstock I mostly used organic (uncooked) fruit/vegetable/food peelings/leftovers (e.g. melons, citrus fruits – be careful with portions of this, kales, traditional vegetables, mangoes, bananas, fallen tree leaves, eggshells). I also added a small pinch of old carton pieces (to replace saw dust) although not too sure if this helped the process as I was concerned it is already chemicalized during the production process. It is advisable that everything going into your pit bucket is cut into small pieces for faster composting and avoid in-organic matter, including cooked food since these slow down the process. As well, try to avoid infected organic matter. Dry leaves off plants are also good to add to your compost mixture.

Strike a balance in the mix of organic waste added to the composting pit

There is plenty of information available online regarding the types of feedstocks to use in your kitchen composting unit. One of the things I came to learn is that you must strike a balance between acidic vs alkaline residue or minerals concentration within the composter so that you don’t have too much of a single element at any point in time. I never used a specific formula to decide the ratios of what goes into the pit – it was mostly based on the kitchen waste that we had for the period I was piling the composting bucket until it was finally full. However, I would later learn the hard way that you have to be careful with the combination as earlier because it affects the pH level or generally the mineral proportions – as the saying goes, too much of anything is dangerous – even for plants. For example, 3 weeks into the process, I decided to spray our vertical vegetable garden using the already piled liquid concentrate in the collecting bucket. A few days later, I noticed the plants’ leaves which were originally green and healthy had started yellowing. Something was off! It was either the plants were soaked in water (unlikely), or there was a high content of a nutrient, and this was doing more harm than good to the plants. In this case, turns out the nitrogen content was too high. I had purposed to do the foliar spraying every fortnight or so – but stopped immediately to monitor the plants. Let’s just say the damage control effort didn’t quite salvage the situation, but the yellowing stopped as new leaves sprouted. 6 months later – I look back and ask myself how I would do things differently – for example, spraying just a small portion of the kitchen garden or running the trial on a few pot plants first and monitor the results for a few days to a week before applying the whole concentrate everywhere. This goes back to the basics of bioscience – you don’t roll out a new product on bios before you have fully run lab tests/trials and understood the side effects and how best to remedy them.

Frequency of adding waste into the compost bucket and sunlight exposure

In the first month, I added kitchen waste at least twice a week and each time would also add a few parts of water. In my case, I had no formular for the water ratio, I mostly used observation to check that the compost was adequately moistened and not too soaked. Once the inner bucket was full and could take no more food waste, I stopped the additions.

If you are fermenting aerobically, it is important to ensure there is leeway for airflow for the bacteria. In my case, I opted for anaerobic fermentation, so everything was airtight. However, I would open it occasionally over the 6 weeks period to mix up the feedstock. I set up the composter in a place with access to sunlight/heat but not extreme. The heat helps to speed up the composting process. So, if you live in a rather cold or say winter region – the process will take longer. It is also important to monitor the temperature level in the fermenting bucket. If you happen to visit large composting farms; you will notice that some use thermometers. In my case, this was not a major concern as the set-up location was not too exposed to heat and generally had cool air flow (windy). The temperature was just about right.

Duration to get the liquid fertilizer ready. How long should one wait?

The longer the fermentation process, the more mature and richer in nutritive content the fertilizer ripens for boosting your plants. Some online literature indicates between 12 days to 6 weeks, several months and even years for the ancient farmers who have traditionally applied organic farming practises especially in the Asian countries. In my case, I harvested the liquid in the initial weeks and that didn’t go well as earlier shared. I therefore decided to be patient and wait a longer period and recently harvested the 6-month fermented liquid. I must say that it does look like the real thing and the smell is also relatively more manageable. It is however not odourless as some online resources suggest. I poured it on plants last weekend and so far, there is no yellowing which I take to mean it is blending well with the plants. Or it’s too early to tell. There are no instant results in farming, I think.

When does the compost get ready for use?

In this experiment, I had set out mainly to harvest the liquid fertilizer because I am a small space farmer who does either vertical or pot planting. Hence readily absorbable foliar fertilizers or concentrates poured directly into the soil are my priority. However, as is expected – the soil nutrients need to be restored hence the organic manure is also important to have. 6-months in, the compost is not yet fully ready, but most of the food content has been broken down. I have now transferred it from the bucket to an old tyre where it will hopefully complete the composting process and then dry in readiness for mixing with the soils for the next planting season. I think full composting can take as long as long can be – depending also on if you had organic catalyzers or not – and you have mastered the process. It requires true patience if you ask me.

Some of my lessons learnt/key take-aways?

Home preparation of organic compost or liquid fertilizer has been a craft dating back to ancient days. In Japan for example, there has been a long tradition to use liquid organic fertilizer and sometimes they decompose it for several months to years (Bokashi fertilizer).
Liquid fertilizer can readily be sprayed on plant leaves or poured into the soil. However, you may need to dilute it with equal or higher parts of water in case minerals concentration is too high for certain plants in your kitchen garden or pots (especially the young ones). The fertilizer ideally works for any plants – including succulents.
For the compost manure, full decomposition can take a while. In my case it has been 6-months and there are still a few remnants of plants still visible which means the process isn’t complete yet as it all needs to turn into ‘soil’. Once the process is complete, the next step is to allow the compost to fully dry before you can add it to your garden soil.
There will be bad odour emanating from your pit, which is a rather negative outcome especially if you live in a neighbourhood (air pollution). If you, or your neighbours get easily disturbed by strong awful smell, I would be quick to say don’t try this at home. In my readings, I gathered that there are tested and proven ways to minimize the bad odour effect during the composting process – I probably didn’t take enough time to research and learn the whole process well. Something I would probably aim to improve on in future.
Avoid adding ‘infected’ plants into your compost pit because some of the pathogens might later on affect your healthy plants should the diseases be propagated within the organic fertilizer or manure.
Is it organic if you are using plastic buckets in the composting process? Well, this is a question I am also struggling with. Hopefully we find an answer sooner or later. All in all, I would say everything has pros and cons.

Ultimately, Would I do it again?

Easy answer is probably not because it was a bit of a struggle for me. I also feel the process has been rather long – which was a real taste of my patience. There were periods in between where my plants needed nutrients, but I was afraid to try the ‘half-baked’ liquid fertilizer because of the yellowing outcome at week 3. The odour was also a bit too much – going by the reactions anytime I opened the bucket to mix the feedstock. Again, it could be because I didn’t take enough time to learn the process and get it right – so there is a challenge there to try and get it right should I decide to go down that road again. I however enjoyed the experimental learning process. All in all, I would still wish to explore and understand small space organic farming further but will probably stick to buying already organic manure or liquid fertilizers from experienced biofertilizer farmers. Professionals exist for a reason, right?

Until the next post, happy experimental endeavours.

And in the spirit of World Environment Day 2025, let’s aim to reduce-re-use or recycle waste to make our planet healthier and better us and the future generations!

June 6, 2025 0 comment

Careers Energy & Sustainability

ESAK C&I Conference and Exhibition 2025

by wakinyi April 29, 2025

written by wakinyi

Before April comes to an end, allow me to quickly talk about the Electricity Sector Association of Kenya (ESAK) Commercial and Industrial (C&I) Conference and exhibition 2025. This year’s conference themed ‘driving reliability through C&I’ and held on 16^th and 17^th April was a build up to last year’s conference theme on ‘Accelerating C&I installations. Being the 2^nd edition, the organizers targeted to bring together at least 400 policy makers, technology innovators, power sector utilities, C&I customers, among other participants in a 2-day discussion to chart the way forward on the future of C&I in Kenya.

If you have been following local news closely or is abreast of power sector developments, you maybe aware that as of 30^thMarch, Kenya’s electricity reserve margin had shrunk to just 4 MW against operations best practise of at least 10% of the peak demand which was reportedly at the time around 2,316 MW. During the conference opening remarks, Kenya’s Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority (EPRA) lauded the role C&I have played in responding to the security of energy in supply in the country amidst shrinking generation capacity following a Parliamentary freeze on national utility Kenya Power’s signing of new Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) since 2018. This ideally means new generation plants without PPAs could not come online over the period and consequently may be interpreted to imply no incentive for investments in generation capacities especially by Independ Power Producers whereas electricity demand has been growing. But going beyond captive power generation which is where C&I support came in thanks to their installations which are estimated to have grown to at least 600 MW according to the EPRA Biannual 2024/2025 statistics report, this year’s conference was organized to recognize the important role that captive power plants can play towards making the grid reliable and stable while also looking at potential opportunities that will result from wheeling services (beyond self-supply).

Captive generation refers to generation of electricity for self-consumption. In Kenya, industries or SMEs typically invest in own solar systems to power their production or operations mainly to reduce on electricity bills but also to achieve reliable electricity supply which is a key driver of their processes. Captive wheeling is where such self-consumption plants use existing power transmission and/or distribution networks at a fee in other words Open Access of the grid network. In Kenya, there currently exist draft Energy (Electricity Market, Bulk Supply and Open Access) Regulations which are yet to be gazetted. In more advanced electricity markets such as the US where Open Access took force in the mid-1990s, this is cited as having created opportunities for improvement of the electricity markets by respective independent system operators across the states. B-2-B opportunities is one of the foreseen opportunities in Kenya where industries or large commercial customers might be able to directly purchase electricity in bulk from generators and have it wheeled across the existing grid networks to their premises at an overall cost which might be cheaper than buying electricity from the utility for which additional charges e.g. fuel levy charges are often passed down to electricity customers. It is worth noting that Kenya currently has one of the highest electricity tariffs in the region with cases of manufacturers shifting their operations to other jurisdictions where electricity cost is relatively cheaper. It is also worth noting that the quality of the electricity supplied is also rather unreliable with Kenya ranking second after Nigeria when it comes to back-up diesel generators usage. These and more are part of why we must address the core issues of affordability, reliability and stability of electricity supply as a country. Hence the 2025 C&I conference was an important forum to first reach common understanding of what needs to be done by relevant stakeholders and exchange on best practises.

Some of the key take-aways from the 2025 conference deliberations:

The preparation of implementation framework with minimum conditions required to address the technical challenges likely to be caused by open access in readiness for gazetting of Energy (Electricity Market, Bulk Supply and Open Access) Regulations is necessary now more than ever before. Since open access presents opportunity for B2B trading, clear guidelines on wheeling tariffs must be set.
There needs to be clear compensation frameworks for network support services such as reactive power, frequency and voltage control, operation spinning reserves that might be provided through C&I.
Regulatory incentives e.g. through Net Metering and Time of Use tariffs must be well structured, and performance evaluated in relation to intended policy objective. Incentive restructures should be done where expected outcome is not being realized in this case helping to address the curtailment of geothermal or wind resources in the night while also generating revenue for the utility given the existing nature of PPAs is take or pay – the cost of which is ultimately passed down to electricity customers, while at the same time incentivizing industries to have additional production after 10 pm to 6 am in the morning at half the price of electricity during normal hours.
There is potential for C&I to contribute to regional power trading e.g. the Eastern African Power Pool for which wholesale day ahead markets set to be launched in May this year. Currently, most electricity trading happens via bilateral agreements between utilities with Kenya currently trading with Ethiopia, Tanzania and Uganda thanks to the three interconnectors running between the three countries. To achieve a full regional power trading pool, there is first need for harmonisation of regulations, geopolitical architecture in relation to power systems and standardization of grid technical requirements across pool participants to enable smooth transitioning from bilateral power trading into a fully functional regional power market.
Collaboration between public and private actors is key to enhance reliability. Innovation, modernisation, digitalisation and safety of grid assets offer avenues for collaborating. In relation to C&I captive generators, the issue of safety must be looked at even more closely since generation is now closer to the consumers who sometimes may not be as technically equipped to operate electrical generation infrastructure.
Customer awareness is often under looked yet critical when engaging C&I on energy efficiency or electrification of industrial processes.
The Energy (Energy Management) Regulations of 2025 offer opportunity for establishment of Efficiency Trading Schemes and Energy Efficiency Energy Service Companies (ESCOs), among other incentives.

Curious to know what 2026 C&I conference might look like? The organizers hinted taking it regional which I think is the way to go now that we are looking more and more to opportunities in regional power trading.

For comprehensive conference proceedings, check out ESAK website and social handles.

***Part of this post originally written by author on Linked-In on 18th April 2025.

April 29, 2025 0 comment

Energy & Sustainability

International Day of Clean Energy 2025

by wakinyi January 26, 2025

written by wakinyi

The world commemorates the 2nd International Day of Clean Energy this 26^th day of January 2025 with SEforAll calling on all of us to ‘take a moment and reflect on what it takes to create a more inclusive and sustainable future’.

As I take a moment to reflect on what this day means, it also hits me that many are the times we assume clean energy to imply renewable energy. So how about we start with the basics of what is clean vs renewable? I have probably defined that already in a previous blog post, or maybe not. Depending on who you ask, there exists an underlying assumption that all renewable energy is clean, but not all clean energy is renewable.

On the other some people would argue that all renewable energy is not clean, because we must consider not only the source of the energy (renewable or non-renewable), but also how exactly that energy is produced or generated if we are thinking about electricity. The minerals that go into the manufacture of components that constitute the materials from which resource is tapped, for example are some of the issues which must be considered. However, without being too analytical, it might be safe to define renewable energy as that which is replenishable. In other words, it can never run out. Whereas a clean source of energy means contributing little to zero greenhouse gas emissions.

One of the interesting research projects I will be engaged in this year is the Just Energy Transition Topic. With time, maybe or maybe not, I will share some insights off that discourse. I believe that transitional pathways are one way to dissect through the energy landscape and (re)define ‘clean’ comprehensively. For something to qualify as clean, it must also be just from a process analysis perspective which is often subjective depending on who is doing the analysis. Additionally, aspects like life cycle assessments need also be done to conclusively agree on what is clean or not. So again, not a subject of today’s opinion.

As we celebrate the 2025 International Day Clean Energy, we are reminded of the global call to shift to clean energies or net zero industrialization pathways. This is all part of a bigger global ambition – the Paris climate accord. But are we really working towards that accord? Or is everyone out to make and get a slice of their own cake? Earlier this month, the World Meteorological Organization confirmed that 2024 was the warmest year on record, compared to pre-industrial times.

The global warming average shot to 1.55^oC surpassing the 1.5^oC set in the Paris agreement.

WMO further indicates that the past 10 years have been the warmest on record. From where I sit, this can only be interpreted to imply that we are doing very badly as a planet! And the situation will likely get far much worse in the coming years, so we might as well brace for greater shocks.

The energy sector being one of the major contributors of GHG, given its multi- lever role in driving economies, it might be argued that a full transition to clean energies is the solution to the greatest climate crisis of our times and hopefully reverse the current warming trend curve. But what if it doesn’t, considering that this is just one part of a big, wicked puzzle? Should we give up and erode the gains already made? Absolutely not! So, what then? Good question. One that I am afraid I cannot answer but only say that for now, the task at hand is to go clean and green the best way we know how. This Mission 300 Africa summit happening in Tanzania beginning tomorrow, is one way to find out what is planned, provide insights or constructive criticism on what we feel can and should be done differently. If you ask me, we humans are by design (or default) created to talk too much and act less– if only we could slash and re-direct the bigger chunk of resources used in the former towards execution – the world might just be a better place for all of us, or so I think.

Until the next post, happy International Day of Clean Energy!

January 26, 2025 0 comment

Energy & Sustainability

Universal Electricity Access

by wakinyi August 4, 2024

written by wakinyi

Often, I find myself in conversations on how to achieve universal electricity access by 2030. And yes, a lot of information is already out there on what has been done, what is being done, what still needs to be done and what may remain a hurdle that will require more than double effort and resources to achieve the universality goal. If we take the Kenyan electricity sub-sector for example, statistics indicate that at least 75% of the population has access to electricity as of today. A majority of these is predominantly people in the urban to peri-urban areas where grid extension, intensification or densification was relatively viable.

Retrospectively, Kenyan electricity accessibility was much lower slightly over a decade ago. The kind of progress we talk about today took a myriad of efforts such as the last mile connectivity program – which had its good and fair share of challenges.

But reaching the segment of the population several miles away from the national grid does not stop there, it also means rethinking the overall operation plan, the downtime and restoration plan. Because there is no reason to have connectivity only to end up with multiple interruptions or long durations of disconnection per year, if customer average interruption duration index (CAIDI) or system average interruption duration index (SAIDI) and other related indices are anything to go by.

With 25% of the population yet to be reached, majority of which is based in remote and hard to access regions, it is not going to be business as usual. Through the government Kenya Off-grid Solar Access Project (KOSAP) and Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Corporation, work has also been ongoing to expand stand-alone systems and mini grids in remote locations across the country. Discussions around involvement of private players to build and operate energy infrastructure is taking centre stage now more than ever before.

This past month I had the opportunity to interact with several mini grids developers – to understand their operation and maintenance of the grid infrastructure – but to also interact with the customers and better understand the challenges that surround this market. It was particularly useful to penetrate some remote locations as part of an ongoing study of public vs private mini grids development. While most of this is information available on public domain, this post delves into the challenges and opportunities as part of a series on reflections and I have lessons learnt in the off-grid sub-sector over the years.

What must be done to accelerate access to electricity in remote off-grid locations:

Infrastructural and logistical challenges of deploying materials and equipment to extremely remote locations must be overcome – in our effort to visit a certain solar mini grid site, we drove several miles through a rather difficult terrain and in some cases went across what would be wide rivers on a rainy season. There is simply no way to get such sites during the rainy season – because there were no bridges. When you think about operating a site in such a location, then as a developer you have to really think twice on how your services will get to the customers, and how support services including technicians’ will get to site at such times. Is there room to have a pricing arrangement that recognizes these natural uncertainties? Because you are otherwise setting yourself on a loss venture for which no sane investor would go in there.
Productive use of electricity is good, but it requires the presence of a microeconomy for electricity to become the enabler of development- In short, by putting up electricity infrastructure without solving the root problem faced by a community e.g. lack of raw materials or factors of production required to engage in economic activity locally, electricity would not solve the actual development gap. In my case studies, I came across communities that struggle to put a meal per day on the table. Where land is completely dry and non-arable, where terrain is hard to access and far off from any trading centres. In one area, there was no means of livelihood other than fishing – for fisherfolk who were lucky to catch something a day. So, while on one side it sounds great to promote use of electricity, the real question becomes how will a community afford to pay for electricity if other enabling factors are not being addressed more holistically? I think we must equally concentrate on opening rural micro-economies for electricity use to make sense there – because customers can somehow have means to pay for it.
Introduce cross-subsidy programs to incentivize private mini grid developers. I have heard this suggestion mentioned severally in industry circles but not much effort going on to make it happen. While subsidy programs are generally discouraged due to risk of market distortion, I do not see any other way around it if we think about the hardship locations where the underserved 25% of the population is based. Some of these areas also happen to insecurity prone so you don’t only have to worry about how your materials make it to a site in good shape, but the threat to life poised to your human resources. The cost of accessing resources such as water which is important when you think about O&M of solar panels in a very dusty location must also be considered. In the case of public mini grids, the operational cost nightmare is somewhat solved by virtue of customers being under the utility provider. Depending on your customer category, the electricity tariff may well work to your advantage, especially for lifeline category of customers who use less than 30 units a month. There is need to think about the right incentive to offer private developers – because without spreading the risk of minimalistic customers – which is often the case in the remote areas – it is difficult to break even.
Rethinking battery energy storage especially in high temperature regions – Fortunately or unfortunately depending on how you choose to look at it, the 25% of underserved population also happens to be in the typically ASAL regions that experience rather hot temperatures. While technology has evolved over time to introduce ‘superior’ lithium-ion batteries that can withstand harsh temperature conditions, reality is that durability of batteries for off-grid systems remains a big struggle and, in some cases, deal breaker. For an industry where batteries alone, takes nearly 50% of the entire CAPEX cost, the cost of acquisition and maintaining energy storage in the long haul must come down. There is need to dedicate more resources toward research and innovation to find the best durable solution – locally and globally. And it must be found quickly if we are to reliably attain our universality agenda in the shortest time possible. In one of my site visits, 3 of 4 battery banks were problematic – and the only comfort to the site operator was the fact that daily electricity demand remains low. However, this demand was likely to shoot in the next few months if the ongoing construction of two large institutions – a school and hospital that could be seen in the area is anything to go by.
Maximizing on strengths of public private partnership for improved service delivery – Public and Private entities have their own unique strengths and weaknesses when it comes to developing, operating and maintaining off-grid infrastructure. On one hand, I saw a rather strict approach to workmanship from one side – adhering to minimum standards and guidelines. On the other hand, was an observation of relatively better O&M measures. These two can be merged to develop but also operate and maintain infrastructure assets in the long term.

Until the next post, happy new month!

August 4, 2024 0 comment